Cameras
Bridge Camera
Bridge cameras are cameras don't require an attachable lens because they're usually have a fixed lens. It's a smaller and more compacted version of a SLR'S and have a smaller sensor.
SLR Camera
An SLR (Single Lens Reflex) cameras are a lot different to bridge cameras. Different from the bridge camera, you can take the lens off of the camera and have the body only, making it your choice and personalise and change the lens to what type of work your doing. It also has a lager sensor.
Compact Camera
The compact camera is a common camera that a "normal" family takes on holiday. Same as the bridge camera you can't change lens. Its also smaller than the SLR's and about the same size as bridge. Another term for this camera is the "Point and Shoot" camera.
Polaroid Camera

Polaroid came about in the 1940's. They were the first instant camera that had a camera and a darkroom inside it, then after a few seconds it prints the image you took out the front of the camera. You could not remove the lens on this camera.
Lenses
The Prime Lens
The prime lens is a fixed focal length. They have focal lengths from 8mm to 800mm. The largest aperture is f/1.4 and the smallest is f/22.
Zoom Lens (Internal Focus)
The fixed lens go from 200mm to 800mm. When you zoom into the subject it does so inside the lens.
Zoom Lens (Externally Focus)
The external zoom lens can go from 20mm to 300mm. When you focus or zoom into the subject the lens itself move backwards and forwards.